The Stepped Stone Structure at what is believed to be the location of the Jebusite Wall. This photo includes:

1. a glacis, a steep sloped wall for protection, which is called the Millo in 2 Samuel 5:9 from 1100-1000 BC
2. remains of residences from 1200 BC
3. retaining walls from 1200 BC
4. rooms used from 700-586 BC
5. walls built by Nehemiah.

A massive stepped podium for the Canaanite-Jebusite palace/fortress that was also used as David’s palace. Eilat Mazar dates the building of this structure from the period of 1200-1000 BC. This Stepped Stone Structure was the work of the Jebusites during the days of the Judges, and the work of David around 1000 BC.

The House of Ahiel. This four-room house was built into and over the Millo around 650 BC in the days of young Josiah and Jeremiah. The staircase to the left
(seen in photos below) would have provided access to the home’s flat roof. A stone with a hole in it was found in a corner of the small room. This stone is the toilet seat that sat over a cesspit about 6.5 feet deep.

The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land gives us some additional insight and information concerning the details identified in this
Stepped Stone Structure:

The Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC is well documented in the biblical sources (2 Kings 25:8-10; 2 Chronicles 36:18-19), which
describe the destruction, burning, and collapse of houses and walls. The archaeological evidence for this phase in Jerusalem’s history, which rounds
out the historical account, can be counted among the more dramatic at any biblical site. Alongside the Israelite tower cleared by Avigad in the north of the city was a thick conflagration layer, in which arrow heads were found, that may have been fired when the city’s northern defenses were being breached. In addition, many of the buildings excavated by Shiloh, mainly in areas E and G, were also destroyed in a fierce conflagration: the Ashlar House, the House of Ahiel, the Burnt Room, and the House of the Bullae. Their walls collapsed and buried abundant and rich finds, including large quantities of pottery; dozens of metal and stone vessels; bone implements, and considerable epigraphic material. The dozens of flat iron arrowheads of the local type and triangular
bronze arrowheads of the so-called Scythian type found in the houses bear mute witness to the battle for the city on the eve of its destruction, as the inhabitants amassed ammunition in their homes. The destruction of these residential quarters, which resembles that on the western hill and in one section of the “house of Millo” cleared by B. Mazar, was total. The rubble was preserved in some of the buildings up to the height of their first-story ceiling. Perhaps the most graphic telling of the story is Nehemiah’s description of the ruins in the City of David as he found them in his tour of the city, some 140 years later (Nehemiah 2:13-14).

- The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Volume 2, The Israel Exploration Society and Carta, 1993, page 709

The stairs to access the roof of the House of Ahiel can be seen on the left in this photo. (Photo from 2007, with the
back right pillar leaning in the corner.)

Details of the House of Ahiel: The four columns would have supported a flat roof. The staircase would have provided access to the flat roof. Notice the square
box in the small room on the lower right—this is the bathroom. The toilet seat, or the box, can be seen in photos below. (Photo from 2010 with the pillars standing.)

This toilet seat sat in the corner of the small room in the House of Ahiel. This would have provided the fourroom home with a bathroom.

The lower courses of this straight wall were laid by Nehemiah and his wall builders in 445 BC. The Hasmoneans then rebuilt it by laying the upper courses of block
around 160 BC.

One of the terraces excavated was 40 feet wide and 88 feet long. In two upper terraces three structures were identified:

1. In the middle terrace: A four-room house built in two levels, two ostraca (pieces of pottery broken off from a vase or earthenware) were found with the name “Ahiel” inscribed on them. This structure was called “House of Ahiel.” Also found in this four-room structure were many other small items and pottery vessels.
2. In the middle terrace: To the north (right) of the “House of Ahiel” was the Burnt Room that showed signs of the intense fire suffered with the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem in 586 prophesied by Jeremiah. The remains of burnt wood included imported wood from northern Syria with carved palmette (artistic design of fan-shaped leaves of palm trees) patterns, furniture and parts of the roof beam. Found in this room were pottery, stone vessels, bone vessels and a metal spoon.
3. In the lower terrace: 16 feet below the house of Ahiel was a narrow building where 51 bullae (round clay seal with an impression affixed to a rolled document) were found. This structure is called the “House of Bullae.” One of the bullae was impressed with the name “Gemariah son of Shaphan” who is mentioned in Jeremiah 36:9-12. Gemariah was a scribe in the court of Jehoiakim during the king’s fifth year in 604 BC. Since this royal scribe’s impression was found in this room of documents we assume this burnt “House of Bullae” was some form of royal archive or public office. Other bullae located here were impressed with Hebrew names such as: “Belonging to Benayahu son of Hoshaiah,” “Belonging to Azaryahu son of Hilkiahu,” “Belonging to Azrikam Michyahu,” “Belonging to Elishama son of Samachiah.”

A quote from NEAEitHL from page 709 says:

“The Babylonians destruction of Jerusalem in586 BC is well documented in the biblical sources (2 Kings 25:8-10; 2 Chronicles 36:18-19), which describe the destruction, burning, and collapse of houses and walls. The archaeological evidence for this phase in Jerusalem’s history, which rounds out the historical account, can be counted among the mose dramatic at any biblical site. Alongside the Israelite tower cleared by Avigad in the north of the city was a thick conflagration layer, in which arrow heads were found, that may have been fired when the city’s northern defenses were being breached. In addition , many of the buildings excavated by Shiloh, mainly in areas E and G, were also destroyed bin a fierce conflagration: the Ashlar House, the House of Ahiel, the Burnt Room, and the House of the Bullae. Their walls collapsed and buried abundant and rich finds, including large quantities of pottery; dozens of metal and stone vessels; and bone implements, and considerable epigraphic material. The dozens of flat iron arrowheads of the local type and triangular bronze arrowheads of the so-called Scythian type found in the houses bear mute witness to the battle for the city on the eve of its destruction, at the inhabitants amassed ammunition in their homes. The destruction of these residential quarters, which resembles that on the western hill and in one section of the “house of Millo” cleared by B. Mazar, was total. The rubble was preserved in some of the buildings up to the height of their first-story ceiling. Perhaps the most graphic telling of the story is Nehemiah’s description of the ruins in the City of David as he found them in his tour of the city, some 140 years later (Nehemiah 2:13-14).” - The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Volume 2, The Israel Exploration Society and Carta, 1993, page 709